Patient was educated on causes and risk factors for angina as follows:

Smoking

• Nicotine in the cigarettes can cause damage to the inner lining of the blood vessels and consequently, increase the risk for atherosclerosis and deposition of cholesterol plaques.
• This can compromise the coronary arteries, thus reducing blood supply to the heart muscle.
• Also, smoking can contribute to vasospasms and generalized collapse of blood vessels, including coronaries.
• These side-effects of smoking can contribute significantly to episodes of chest discomfort and angina.
• Even secondhand smoke also contributes to the same physiological side-effects, thus leading to angina.

Coronary artery spasm

• Spasms of coronary arteries supplying oxygen-rich blood to the cardiac muscle can result in compromise of blood supply to cardiac muscle and result in angina.

Physical exercise

• Exertion and physical exercise can increase the demand for oxygen by the cardiac muscle, failing to meet which can result in episodes of chest pain and discomfort.