Patient was educated on risk factors and causes for secondary hypertension as follows:

• Diabetes
  1. Poorly managed diabetes with long-term elevated blood sugar levels can result in inflammation of the inner lining of blood vessels. This can result in deposition of plaque, thus narrowing the blood vessel lumen.
  2. Narrowed blood vessels offer more resistance for blood flow, thus increasing the pressure, contributing to hypertension.

• Compromised renal function
  1. Healthy kidneys secrete hormones that help to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. By regulating fluid balance in the body, kidneys play a significant role in blood pressure control.
  2. Kidney damage and compromised renal function can result in secretion of hormones that lead to increased sodium and water retention in the body.
  3. Sodium has the tendency to further retain water in the body, thus increasing the blood volume.
  4. Increased blood volume will exert more pressure on the blood vessels and result in hypertension.